Freedom of Expression

La Libertad de Expresión 

La libertad de expresión es un derecho fundamental o un derecho humano, señalado en el artículo 19º de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos de 1948, y las constituciones de los sistemas democráticos, también lo señalan. De ella deriva la libertad de imprenta también llamada libertad de prensa.

El derecho a la libertad de expresión es definido como un medio para la libre difusión de las ideas, y así fue concebido durante la Ilustración. Para filósofos como Pach, Montesquieu, Voltaire yRousseau la posibilidad del disenso fomenta el avance de las artes y las ciencias y la auténtica participación política. Fue uno de los pilares de la Guerra de la Independencia de los Estados Unidos (Primera Enmienda)y la Revolución francesa, hechos que revolvieron las cortes de los demás estados occidentales.

Otro argumento clásico, asociado a John Stuart Mill, es que es esencial para el descubrimiento de la verdad. 

La Libertad de Prensa 

La libertad de prensa es la existencia de garantías con las que los ciudadanos tengan el derecho de organizarse para la edición de medios de comunicación cuyos contenidos no estén controlados ni censurados por los poderes del Estado.Y todo hombre o mujer puede publicar sus ideas libremente y sin censura previa.

Suecia fue el primer país en adoptar una legislación de libertad de prensa con la "tryckfrihet " de diciembre 2 de 1766. En los EE.UU. este derecho está garantizado por la Primera Enmienda de la Constitución Estadounidense. No todos los países tienen garantizada.  

Freedom of Speech
Freedom of speech is the political right to communicate one's opinions and ideas via speech. The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, as with libel, slander, obscenity and incitement to commit a crime.

The right to freedom of expression is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Article 19 of the ICCPR states that "[e]veryone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference" and "everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice". Article 19 goes on to say that the exercise of these rights carries "special duties and responsibilities" and may "therefore be subject to certain restrictions" when necessary "[f]or respect of the rights or reputation of others" or "[f]or the protection of national security or of public order (order public), or of public health or morals". 

Freedom of the Press 
Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the freedom of communication and expression through vehicles including various electronic media and published materials. While such freedom mostly implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state, its preservation may be sought through constitutional or other legal protections.

With respect to governmental information, any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being otherwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers"

This philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of freedom of scientific research (known as scientific freedom), publishing, press and printing the depth to which these laws are entrenched in a country's legal system can go as far down as its constitution. The concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression.

Besides legal definitions, some non-governmental organizations use other criteria to judge the level of press freedom around the world: (Go to Wikipedia)